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Zimbabwe: wrong way, right way

John Makumbe, 2 - 02 - 2009

The desperate people of Zimbabwe deserve better than a political fix that will keep Robert Mugabe in power, says John Makumbe of the University of Zimbabwe.


The opposition Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) decided on 30 January 2009 to join a unity government for Zimbabwe in which power will ostensibly be shared between Robert Mugabe's Zanu-PF and Morgan Tsvangirai's MDC. The long-delayed implementation of a compromise agreement brokered on 15 September 2008 and now reinforced by Zimbabwe's neighbours in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) may seem a plausible answer to the country's economic collapse. But the reality is that is has always been fatally flawed.

John Makumbe is professor of political science at the University of Zimbabwe

Among openDemocracy's articles on Zimbabwe under Robert Mugabe:

Bev Clark, "Mass evictions in Zimbabwe" (13 June 2005)

Netsai Mushonga, "Two nights in Harare's police cells" (5 December 2005)

Andrew Meldrum, "Zimbabwe between past and future" (23 June 2006)

Conor O'Loughlin, "Zimbabwean travails" (13 September 2006)

Wilf Mbanga, "Happy birthday, Robert Mugabe" (21 February 2007)

Stephen Chan, "Farewell, Robert Mugabe" (20 March 2007)

Michael Holman, "Dizzy worms in Zimbabwe" (13 September 2007)

The Zimbabwean, "Zimbabwe votes - and waits" (31 March 2008)

Wilf Mbanga, "Zimbabwe's unfolding drama" (7 April 2008)

Roger Southall, "South Africa and Zimbabwe: the end of ‘quiet diplomacy'?" (29 April 2008)

openDemocracy, ""Zimbabwe's elections: an African appeal" (20 June 2008)

Roger Southall, "The politics of pressure: the world and Zimbabwe" (28 June 2008)

Roger Southall, "Thabo Mbeki's fall: the ANC and South Africa's democracy" (30 September 2008)

Sophie Roberts, "Zimbabwe's war of disappearance" (15 December 2008)

The majority of Zimbabweans view with suspicion any political arrangement that leaves Mugabe snugly in power as head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The fact that the deal has not been implemented since it was signed attests to its defective nature. Its limitations were further confirmed by the fiasco of the talks in Harare on 19 January 2009 between Mugabe and Tsvangirai, even if the SADC leaders - at their 26-27 January meeting in Pretoria -  recommended once again that it be enforced.

It is evident that the agreement is unfairly advantageous to the incumbent president, for it will enable Robert Mugabe  to retain virtually all the executive powers that he has wielded since coming to power in 1980 - even though he lost the presidential election on 29 March 2008. It thus denies Morgan Tsvangirai, the winner of that poll, the opportunity to lead Zimbabwe out of the social and economic quagmire that Mugabe has dragged it into through his iron-fist style of governance.

A journey from ruin

There is another and better way - one that is advocated by civil-society groups in Zimbabwe - including human-rights organisations, trade unions, student movements and others - and which offers a far better prospect than leaving Robert Mugabe in power.

This is to create a transitional authority that can manage national affairs for a set period of (for example) eighteen months. During this time, this authority would oversee the drafting and adoption of a democratic constitution, after which democratic and internationally monitored elections would be held. The transitional authority would then hand over power to the legitimate winner of that election.

The civil-society groups propose that the authority be as inclusive as possible; it would include representatives of civic groups, churches, businesses, selected professional bodies and political parties, and youth and women's groups. An important aspect is that it is to comprise individuals who had no intention of standing for the proposed elections after the adoption of the new constitution.

The SADC has resisted this proposal. Instead, it again backed the agreement between the arch-rivals Mugabe and Tsvangirai that had been facilitated by South Africa's then-president, Thabo Mbeki. It is reported on 1 February 2009 that the parliament in Harare is already considering key constitutional amendments that will be rushed through in order to allow a coalition government to be established. This would allow Tsvangirai to be appointed prime minister by 11 February (according to the SADC timetable), and an appeal to lift international sanctions on Zimbabwe to become irresistible.

In these circumstances, the rest of the international community should apply pressure on the SADC to abandon the ill-fated mid-September agreement and  embrace the option of the national transitional authority as soon as possible.

The eighteen months of transitional governance of Zimbabwe would provide a desperately needed window of opportunity through which regional and international assistance could alleviate the multifaceted humanitarian catastrophe in Zimbabwe. More and more people - 60,000 according to World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates - are infected with cholera; at least 3,100 have died of the disease during the outbreak that began in August 2008. Over 80% of the population is poor and most cannot afford three meals per day.

Almost all schools and hospitals have closed - due both to lack of money to pay the teachers, nurses and doctors, and to a lack of clean water, electricity and medicine. Six of the seven state universities have remained closed since the winter vacation in May 2008. In other words, there is a whole generation of young people whose future now lies in real danger, if not in ruins; and all because of Robert Mugabe.

The party in power

Robert Mugabe and his Zanu-PF will resist any move towards a transitional authority. They are fully aware that handing over power to anyone, even a transitional authority, would be tantamount to committing political suicide; and that they can never win a free and fair election in Zimbabwe. There will have to be political pressure on him to secure his consent to an initiative that so many Zimbabweans support; and the leaders of Zimbabwe's neighbours are among those who will have to exert it if it is to succeed (see Roger Southall, "The politics of pressure: the world and Zimbabwe", 28 June 2008).

The recent abductions and illegal arrests of MDC activists by the notorious Central Intelligence Organisation agents, coupled with flimsy allegations that the MDC is operating militia training-bases in Botswana, are clear indications that Mugabe and Zanu-PF are not negotiating in good faith. But such repression is also effective in persuading the MDC leadership to come to the view  that a bad deal - such as the one they signed after being cajoled, if not coerced, by Thabo Mbeki - is worse than no deal.

The bottom line is that Robert Mugabe and Zanu-PF have no intention of handing over power to the MDC, except under severe political pressure from both within and outside Zimbabwe. The activists gathering at the African Union summit in Addis Ababa on 26 January-3 February 2009 to highlight the "passive genocide" in their country are right; those who are prepared to consent to a political fix that will entrench its architects in power are wrong. The next few weeks will further demonstrate Zanu-PF's desperation to stay in office at all costs.

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International Crisis Group, A Way Forward for Zimbabwe (May 2008)

Sokwanele

Kubatana

The Zimbabwean

Stephen Chan, Robert Mugabe: A Life of Power and Violence (Tauris 2002 / University of Michigan Press, 2003)

 

 
This article is published by John Makumbe, and openDemocracy.net under a Creative Commons licence. You may republish it without needing further permission, with attribution for non-commercial purposes following these guidelines. These rules apply to one-off or infrequent use. For all re-print, syndication and educational use please see read our republishing guidelines or contact us. Some articles on this site are published under different terms. No images on the site or in articles may be re-used without permission unless specifically licensed under Creative Commons.
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michaelcalder said:



Tue, 2009-02-03 19:56

Zimbabwe is a desperate situation calling for radical solutions.

The current situation is a result of a series of disastrous policies  over many decades, starting with the infantilisation of the indigenous population by colonialism, the destruction of traditional societies by various missionary movements, the adoption of foreign ideologies that were ridiculous even in their European birthplaces by successive groups of local elites forming oligarchies on the Western "democratic" pattern by the usual bully-boy routes, and the straightjacket of capitalist economic models imposed on a basically agrarian community (what industry and mining which existed was of course essentially a set of alien protheses run by, supplying, and profiting, only their external genitors).

Add a sprinkling of warlordism, larcenocracy, and now dependence on foreign aid, and it is difficult to see how the situation can be improved without a total cull of the current governing classes and their replacement by a clean,morally pure brigade of magistrates.  That is, of course, not going to happen, even if such a group existed.

While I can see what would be desirable ends, I can no more than my betters see routes that lead there; what is however clear is that implementation of modalities which have already been demonstrated to have failed is unlikely to now result in success.

Massive external investment or large volumes of external "aid" will not help; indeed, they would only exacerbate the current problems; a little thought will demonstrate why. (This is not to suggest that there is no place for emergency humanitarian aid to act as a temporary sticking plaster; but the danger must be realised that any significant volume of aid will only prolong the problems it attempts to solve, and provide succour and motivation for the current larcenocracy; any aid must be modest, and strictly limited in duration.)  My own preference would be for something not necessarily bound to the strict model of the typical European nation state, but perhaps something more fitted to an African ethos.

While I cannot suggest any practical process, my only suggestion is that potential solutions must be created and implemented by Zimbabweans themselves.  Probably the only way the rest of the world can help this is to provide a safe haven for a time for some Zimbabweans to stand back from the current crisis; to give them space and time to think, and return to their country to build it anew; is there any charitable foundation with funds and motivation for anything like this?  It might seem fatalistic and a counsel of despair, but quick fixes do not work. A lasting solution will take time to put in place.

Clear skies!

Tawanda Gatawa (not verified) said:



Tue, 2009-02-03 14:50

Makumbe's suggestion seems plausable but in reality it does not work. What is needed in Zimbabwe is the diffusion of tension and polarization. The Government of National Unity (GNU) provides a mechanism that brings together the belligerants and give them the opportunity to mend ways in a conciliatory manner, which the "transitional authority", whatever that really means, will not provide such an opportunity. We are looking for solutions that take Zimbabwe to another level rather than solutions that merely transfer power to individuals.

I have always believed that John Makumbe is a political scientist. Now I have other ideas.

JayJanson (not verified) said:



Tue, 2009-02-03 05:01

Opendemocracy approves as
E.U. Capitalists Tightens the Screws on Cholera Weakened Zimbabwe

http://www.opednews.com/articles/EU-Capitalist-Neocoloniali-by-Jay-Janson-090131-154.html

DESCRIPTION:
The cruel neo-colonialist image the European Union creates for itself in African eyes seems to be of little concern, as it continues its financial war on Zimbabwe causing extreme suffering. An investment driven E.U., U.K., U.S. conspiracy depends on silence from conglomerate owned international media, its dutiful disinformation and propaganda that Robert Mugabe, is the sole author of the destruction of his own nation’s economy

TEXT:
Amazing how the cruel neo-colonialist image the European Union creates for itself in African eyes seems to be of little concern, as it goes on causing Zimbabweans extreme suffering.

The heartless imperialist machinations of the E.U., U.K., U.S. conspiracy depend on the silence of conglomerate owned cartelized international media and its dutifully insistent disinformation and propaganda that one man, Robert Mugabe, is the sole author of the destruction of his own nation’s economy - inconceivable, even if twice the corruption attributed to him by Western media were true.

The main false accusation repeated over and over again is that Mugabe ruined the economy by passing laws taking well producing farms away from their efficient white farmers. Decades of brutal financial sabotage and economic warfare against Zimbabwe, ever since Mugabe refused to go along with IMF demands, and now even the knowledge of the cholera epidemic makes no difference to European political leaders as their national and international banking institutions seek to put additional pressure. Lets review the past week:

"Zimbabwe Summit Begins as E.U. Imposes Fresh Sanctions" by Agence France-Press,
Jan. 26, 2009, New York Times
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/27/world/africa/27zimbabwe.html

"Heads of state from the 15-nation Southern African Development Community (SADC) gathered Monday in a renewed bid to end Zimbabwe's political crisis...

EU foreign ministers meeting in Brussels announced 60 more names of people close to Mugabe or their families would be added to a travel-ban list, bringing the number of people on the list to over 200."

The number of companies whose assets in Europe must be frozen were increased to 40 and for the first time European-based firms are included. ...

Monday's talks take place as the European Union slapped fresh sanctions on Mugabe's rule in Zimbabwe, which is battling a cholera epidemic that has killed nearly 2,800 people and infected more than 50,000."

Regional leaders see Zimbabwe's unity deal, which allows Mugabe to remain president while Tsvangirai becomes prime minister, as the best chance to rescue the country from political and economic meltdown"

But EU, UK and US want the man they have funded, and had their media support, to have total power to sell off the country to private interests abroad as the price to release the monetary stranglehold that has successfully crippled the Zimbabwe economy. Future Western capital growth prospects are are being enhanced with long term arrangements for destruction and scarcity in Zimbabwe. (UN Charter prohibitions against the use of sanctions and blocking access to international fiduciary institutions are of no consequent protection for vulnerable nations.)

Their man Tsvangirai won more votes in the first round of a presidential election, but left Zimbabwe and refused to be in the second round run-off, claiming persecution. Since then, all the former colonial powers have demanded Mugabe's head.

However, with the exception of the collaborating Presidents of Kenya and Botswana, African leaders are unwilling to help the Western powers ‘show Mugabe the door’ (a favorite colloquialism employed by the righteous sounding spokespersons of the Western bloc).

In any case, the West continues to pretend to favor parliamentary ‘democracy’, calculating that it can be bent to its investment purposes through control of information by international media cartels and international sabotage of the economy of Zimbabwe as necessary.

The neo-colonialist method of taking financial control of an African nation is much cleaner than the old way - by force of arms and white occupation.

Once in a while, the older method still crops up, as when in 2004, an airplane of the Honourable Sir Mark Thatcher, 2nd Baronet, the son of the Right Honorable Baroness Thatcher, the former British Prime Minister, by marriage a multi-millionaire, was
impounded in Zimbabwe as his co-conspiritor sought to pick up guns on the way to overthrow the government of oil rich Equatorial Guinea. (Thatcher was fined three million rand ($500,000) and received a four-year suspended jail sentence upon an unbelievable plea of innocence, telling the South African judge he was under the impression the project was an air ambulance service to help the impoverished of Africa.)

Tuesday the SADC 15-nation grouping gave its approval of Mugabe going ahead with forming a government with or without Tsvangirai participation - it was SADC’s fifth attempt to secure a deal on forming a unity government - it agreed that opposition MDC leader Morgan Tsvangirai should be sworn in as prime minister by February 11.

Tsvangirai’s MDC answered, "Quite clearly the conclusions reached as reflected in the communiqué fall far short of our expectations". (And those of U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton as well, we might assume. She was trying to get South African pressure on Mugabe to accede to Tsvangirai demands.)

However, on Wednesday, Tsvangirai gave in and agreed in principle to the forming of a unity government and now prepares to return to Zimbabwe, from a self-imposed exile.

Now that the 15 nation Southern Africa Development Community has again been supportive of Mugabe, and with the West’s candidate for control of Zimbabwe becoming part of its government, will the West be forced to reluctantly lessen its economic war to make their inside man look good?

Additional background on the Zimbabwe - Western powers confrontation can be read in an earlier OEN article published Dec.10, 2007:

Descendants of Bloody Racist Colonizers of Africa Pretend to Care, Keep Sanctions on Zimbabwe

http://www.opednews.com/articles/opedne_jay_jans_071210_descendents_of_blood.htm

“A Theater of the Absurd, Europeans speak out for democracy in Africa.”

A freaky, preposterous, ridiculously self-righteous pretense of concern for the suffering in Zimbabwe from white prime ministers of European nations that had for centuries killed, enslaved, plundered, and exploited Africans mercilessly and still bilk the continent through their domination of powerful unscrupulous international financial and trade organizations.

80-year-old President Robert Mugabe, who is seen by millions of Africans as a liberator, continues to be condemned by white EU leaders who continue a choking financial embargo against Zimbabwe. These celebrity politician grandchildren of the masters of Africa’s murderous military occupation are silent about their cruel punishing of Zimbabwe over many years with strict and severe EU and US economic sanctions.

The presidents of Namibia and Angola have urged Western nations to lift the sanctions imposed against Zimbabwe, saying they are "illegal and unfair".

Senegal’s president, Abdoulaye Wade, accused Europe of trying to impose a “straitjacket” on Africa.”

What is rarely mentioned in Western media (naturally unrelentingly Capitalist in slant), is the frustration of the people of Zimbabwe and other former colonies, that white ‘owners’ of most of the best land so many decades after colonial liberation still refuse to negotiate and accept a fairer distribution of the land. Most incredibly not withstanding that the African governments have in large allowed the whites to keep titles to so much land stolen under imperial colonialism – and that Mugabe’s government had for years protected white ownership from squatters and demands of squatters rights, always in the name of continued stable production and benefit for all Zimbabweans, while European investors threatened punitive action if the status quo be changed in any meaningful way.

The tight net of connections and relationships between European financial grip and profits and local whites goes unreported in all this sanctimonious criticism of Mugabe for civil rights abuses and praise for an opportunistic opposition allied with, and supported by big media and money from abroad.
“Africa doesn’t want charity or paternalism,” said Alpha Oumar Konaré, the chairman of the African Union, “We want to play in the global economy but with new rules.”

Its not only Africa, but the whole third world that wants out from under first world control and its program for freedom for foreign investor profits, supported by faked democracy through investor control of a ‘free’ press, not to mention covert support for government undermining violence and currency manipulation.

All this is not malicious in intent, simply the mindless requirement that capital have growth and profit from the work or lack of work of subjected human beings everywhere.”

PRESIDENT ROBERT MUGABE, SPEAKING AT THE 62 ND SESSION OF THE UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY-NY, 26 SEPTEMBER 2007. 

"The West still negates our sovereignties by way of control of our resources, in the process making us mere chattels in our own lands, mere minders of its transnational interests. In my own country and other sister states in Southern Africa, the most visible form of this control has been over land despoiled from us at the onset of British colonialism.

That control largely persists , although it stands firmly challenged in Zimbabwe, thereby triggering the current stand-off between us and Britain, supported by her cousin , most notably the United States and Australia. 

Mr Bush, Mr Blair and now Mr Brown's sense of human rights precludes our people's right to their God-given resources, which in their view must be controlled by their kith and kin. I am termed dictator because I have rejected this supremacist view and frustrated the neo-colonialists.

Clearly the history of the struggle for our national and people's rights is unknown to the president of the United states of America. He thinks the declaration of Human rights starts with his term in office !

He thinks she can introduce to us , who bore the brunt of fighting for the freedoms of our peoples, the virtues of the Universal Declaration of Human rights. What rank Hypocrisy !

I lost 11 precious years  of my life in jail of a white man whose freedom and well-being I have assured from the first day of Zimbabwe's independence. I lost a further 15 years fighting white injustice in my country.

Ian Smith is responsible for the death of well over 50,000 of my people. I bear scars of tyranny which Britain and America condoned. I meet his victims everyday. Yet he walks free. He farms free. He talks freely, associates freely under a black government. We taught him democracy. We gave him back his humanity.

He would have faced a different fate here (in the US) and in Europe if the 50,000 he killed were Europeans. Africa has not called for a Nuremberg trial against the white world which committed heinous crimes against its own humanity. It has not hunted perpetrators of this genocide , many of whom live up to this day , nor has it got reparations from those who offended against it. Instead, it is Africa which is in the dock, facing trial from the same world  that persecuted it for centuries.

The colonial sun set a long time ago, in 1980 in the case of Zimbabwe , and hence Zimbabwe will never be  a colony again, NEVER !

We do not deserve sanctions. We are Zimbabweans and we know how to deal with our problems. We have done so in the past, well before Bush and Brown were known politically. We have our own regional and continental organizations and communities.

Write, call Obama 202 456 1414. Lift sanctions on poor Zimbabwe!

Not logged in Lawrence Efana (not verified) said:



Mon, 2009-02-02 22:10

Three votes so far and rather low rating as of this hour for the article! We wait to see subsequent responses.

Interestingly, the writer rightly argues the point that, contrary to older ways of believing things in Africa: that "half-bread" is better than none, has run out of steam!

The paper also tends to hesitate over the saying that it takes two to tango, because the two never existed. It is possible to interpret Zimbabwe political realities in this and many other senses. Quite pitiful and humiliating!

Is there peace to say give it a chance? President Mugabe is old. Surely even if he wanted, it is clearly true that he cannot be for ever!

Many must be wondering what makes South Africa so understanding, patient and diplomatically tactful on Zimbabwe political distress. Is it because giving peace a chance is a thing they still fancy necessary in spite of all the humiliations?

Our world is dotted here and there with experiences and lessons. For the optimist - the less naive], can there still be a reason to see the horizon and build the hope needed for change. NEW TIMES DO BRING NEW THINGS. Forget the past, open your hearts, find and agree on all openings that work the way to peace, a new political start - even if not yet perfect - at least to deal with the economic and social mess. Avoid living in the past to end the consolidation of negative psychology. If the long tunnel is open, the light from one end is surely likely to lead unto the light at the other end. It will need care, understanding and perseverance - what truly appears for some to give credit to the South African government endeavours and sacrifices.

African blacks and whites must now see the reason for them to live side-by-side, sharing to openly rediscover themselves and the importance of doing that in political, economic and socio-cultural senses.

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