Federal Police in Mexico. Image: Presidencia de la República Mexicana. Flikr. Some rights reserved.

Various obstacles have prevented real police reform from happening in Mexico. Officers lack adequate training and support, receive dismal salaries, and must work long hours because of understaffing - all of which hampers their ability to fulfill their duties. At worst, these difficulties make officers highly susceptible to corruption and infiltration from organized crime groups.

The public has taken note. Out of all of Mexico’s security forces, citizens have the least confidence in the police. Just 6.1% of them have confidence in the federal police, while only 4.6% are confident in the municipal police, according to interviews with 1.200 citizens for an August 2018 survey conducted by the Social Studies and Public Opinion Center (CESOP) of Mexico’s Chamber of Deputies.

Almost half of respondents said authorities were likely taking part in criminal activities, and over 27% felt that authorities were not adequately performing their duties overall.

Just 6.1% of Mexicans have confidence in the federal police

The consequences of the ineffectiveness of Mexico’s police force are complex. In part, the country saw more homicides in 2017 than any other year on record, and violence has reached new heights in  2018. The country’s criminal landscape has also grown increasingly fragmented - and more violent - due to the government’s controversial “kingpin strategy”, which consists of arresting or killing the leaders of criminal organizations.

Yet these high-profile arrests haven’t made the job any safer for the police. One officer has been killed every day in 2018, almost half of which were municipal police, according to a study by the non-governmental organization Common Cause.

Police reform in Mexico is a monumental task that requires considerable institutional and political support, but the country’s politicians have so far shown little will to take action, as they benefit from the status quo.

According to Eric Olson, a Global Fellow at the Woodrow Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute, “The police have often been and in some cases continue to be an arm of the ruling elite. This is particularly true at the State and municipal levels, where the police are often still directed primarily by politicians and governors”.

Police reform in Mexico is a monumental task that requires considerable institutional and political support, but the country’s politicians have so far shown little will to take action

In Mexico, politicians, and in particular governors, have a long history of corruption and of having links to organized crime groups in some of the country’s most embattled States, such as Veracruz along the Pacific coast, and Tamaulipas along the US-Mexico border. These are also the places where police reform is needed most.

These links can “in part militate against any kind of police reform”, says Yanilda González, an assistant professor at the University of Chicago who has conducted research on policing across the United States and Latin America. “Police reform in some ways makes politicians lose their ability to direct the police and police resources in a way that serves their own interests”,  she explains. “Politicians are unlikely to disturb this relationship by enacting reforms that would alienate the police”.

Olson agrees, saying that “politicians and policymakers often don’t want to reform or professionalize the police force, and therefore weaken it and keep it under their control.”

As a result, Mexico’s police officers have lost much of their legitimacy, especially in municipalities hit hard by the presence and activities of organized crime groups. Citizens often view their safety and destiny as being in the hands of violent criminals or well-armed self-defense groups that have formed to defend their communities, such as in the state of Michoacán. These self-defense groups, however, come with their own problems.

“When the State is absent or fails to exercise its legitimate authority, secondary impacts occur, such as criminal organizations replacing or substituting the State”, Olson says. “In these cases, it’s extraordinarily difficult to put the genie back in the bottle”.

 From what we have seen so far from President Andrés Manuel López Obrador and his administration’s security policy, police reform in Mexico will have to wait.

López Obrador has, among other things, pledged to create a “new” national guard under military control, and allocate more resources to the army and less to other security services. This will likely put off the reforms that Mexico’s police so desperately need while potentially preventing authorities from achieving any long-term reduction of crime and violence.

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This article was previously published by InSight Crime. Read the original here