An analysis of the status of al-Qaida published a month ago entitled Is al-Qaida winning? came to the conclusion that the organisation had experienced disruption in Afghanistan and a number of recent reversals but was, on balance, more active than eighteen months ago. While major attacks in Paris, Rome, Singapore and elsewhere had been prevented, their very planning demonstrated the power of the organisation and its affiliates. Moreover, many other attacks had succeeded in their aims not least the Bali bombing, the attack on the Tunisian synagogue, several bombings in Pakistan and assaults in Yemen.
One overall conclusion that could be drawn from these developments was that al-Qaida was not a monolithic and hierarchical organisation with one small group of key leaders directing every operation anywhere in the world. Rather, the al-Qaida phenomenon is best seen as an association of like-minded groups operating in many countries with some loose coordination, with more centralised training and financing, and technical expertise, available when required.
Within this wider organisation, al-Qaida may be the most significant group and it may have a strategic sense of direction that provides some long-term coordination, but the removal of its most senior leadership would not in any sense bring the numerous paramilitary actions to an end.
For the US, a harsher climate
If this is a reasonably accurate assessment of the position a month ago, what is the position in the aftermath of the bombing of the Israeli-owned Paradise Hotel near Mombasa and the attempt to destroy an Israeli charter airliner taking off from the nearby airport?
The first point to make is that this was actually one of a series of recent developments. In Pakistan, following the provincial elections, a radical Islamic leader, Akram Khan Durrani, was last week elected chief minister of the North-West Frontier Province. This followed the success of his United Action Forum religious coalition in elections held on 10 October. The coalition has a 32-seat majority over all other parties in the 124-seat assembly and Durrani has come to power with policies that include the strengthening of Islamic law and also the exclusion of US troops from the province.
In another development, the trial began this week in Rotterdam of four men accused of planning attacks on the US embassy in Paris and on the Kleine-Brogel Air Force Base in Belgium, which includes a US munitions store. The trial relates to activities being planned before 11 September 2001, indicating the extent of other operations that were already under development.
Elsewhere, there was a further shooting incident directed against US soldiers in Kuwait when two soldiers were wounded by a junior Kuwaiti police officer. This was the latest in a string of incidents in Kuwait, including the killing of a US marine last month, and one result has been the sacking of the head of security in Kuwait. In Lebanon, a young American evangelist, Bonnie Witherall, was killed at the clinic in Sidon where she worked as a nurse. Lebanese security officials were reported as saying that they thought the murder was linked to the anti-American mood that is prevalent across so much of the Middle East.
In their different ways, these four examples serve as a reminder of two aspects of the war on terror. First, there is the extent of the anti-American mood that is rampant throughout the Middle East and south-west Asia, a mood which is much harsher than before the attacks on New York and Washington fifteen months ago. Secondly, we are reminded that al-Qaida and its associates are involved in a long-term struggle.
For al-Qaida, the Gulf remains the focus
In such a context, what is the significance of the attacks in Kenya? Two issues come to the fore immediately. The first is that the attacks largely failed but, if they had succeeded, would have been the most devastating incidents since 11 September 2001. The bombing of the hotel was intended to kill scores of Israeli tourists who had just arrived. Instead, the timing was wrong, the tourists had checked into the hotel and had dispersed to their rooms. As a result, most of those killed were young members of a Kenyan dance group.
The attempt to destroy the passenger jet using shoulder-launched missiles was intended to kill over 200 people, an atrocity that would have been by far the largest loss of life for the Israelis in a single incident in the 54-year history of the country. Causing this loss of life when a singularly hawkish administration was in power would almost inevitably have involved an extreme Israeli military response.
Successive Israeli governments have been particularly uncompromising when it comes to attacks on Israeli citizens abroad. Although the invasion of Lebanon in 1982 was already being planned, it was prompted as a response to the attempted assassination of the Israeli ambassador to Britain.
As it is, considerable US pressure is being exerted on the Sharon government to refrain from such action, but this will not be easy. There is a widespread feeling of insecurity in Israel because of the many bombings, though still a certain perception of safety when people are travelling abroad on holiday. Going by Israeli-owned charter jets to Israeli-owned hotels was presumed safe. With hindsight, the very identity of these facilities actually made them clear-cut targets for a paramilitary movement with extensive international resources.
Even so, we have to go beyond these immediate attacks to get a clearer idea of the strategy of al-Qaida and its associates. Here is the second area where the Kenyan incidents offer wider significance.
At root, the al-Qaida network is involved in a long-term programme aimed at creating a wider and more coherent Islamic world based on a particularly rigorous interpretation of Islam that is not shared by the great majority of Muslims. Within this overall intention, two specific and more short-term objectives are the determination to expel American forces from the Gulf and the ending of the Saudi monarchys control of Saudi Arabia.
Even this is quite a long-term programme, already underway for a decade and with another decade in prospect before it might be achieved, but it is part of a much longer strategy that might stretch over half a century, beyond the life-spans of the main participants. For the moment, though, the Gulf, US influence and the House of Saud remain the main targets of al-Qaidas focus.
Entangling the US and Israel?
In this mindset, Israel and Iraq have been relatively unimportant until recently. The IsraeliPalestinian confrontation may cause endemic ill-feeling across the region, but al-Qaida has not been a ready supporter of the Palestinian cause, and this may well be for regional social reasons. Ever since the start of the Palestinian refugee problems in 1948, very large numbers of Palestinians have sought recourse to education as a way out of their marginalisation. This has been the case right through to university level; one result has been a diaspora of highly educated Palestinians, many of whom have gone on to be the professionals running public services throughout the Gulf.
While their presence has been indispensable to the economic development of the region, their sheer competence has frequently been resented, especially as young nationals of the Gulf states have more recently found it difficult to establish themselves in the professions at a time of relative economic recession.
The accumulated result of these trends has been that al-Qaidas natural sources of support have not been particularly positive towards the Palestinians; yet even this has been overcome by the hardline policies of the Sharon government, such that al-Qaida has now embraced Israel as one of its core enemies, a process made so much easier by the prevailing regional perception of Israel as nothing more than a client state of Washington, using American bombers and helicopters to kill Palestinians.
Similarly, there was no great affinity between al-Qaida and Iraq, with the Saddam Hussein regime seen as an unacceptably secular state at the heart of the Islamic world. Even this antagonism has now been overcome, with al-Qaida now speaking out in favour of Iraq almost entirely because Baghdad is now in the sights of the Washington security hawks.
Indeed, by taking this line, al-Qaida will seek to gain substantially from the destruction of the Iraqi regime by the United States. Even the immediate collapse of the regime at the onset of a war would result in its replacement with a client state, and this would be represented as further proof of al-Qaidas long-term claim that the United States is utterly intent on controlling the region, in concert with Israel. A more disastrous war, with heavy civilian casualties and US forces tied down for many weeks or even months, would be an absolute gift to the organisation.
This leads us on to a general feature of the strategy that still seems largely unrecognised. This is that al-Qaida is specifically interested in inciting greater US and western military action anywhere in the Islamic world. It is not expecting to defeat the United States in the short term. Quite the contrary it positively seeks an increased confrontation as a means of greatly increasing support for both its medium-term and longer-term aims.
The Mombasa attacks therefore serve two purposes. One is specifically to draw the Israelis further into a regional war on terror. The other is to demonstrate, by attempting to shoot down an airliner, that the reach of al-Qaida and its associates is potentially worldwide.
Meanwhile, the view from Washington remains that this is an unconventional war that can be fought and won on American terms. There is still little interest in understanding where al-Qaida is coming from or why support for it may even be increasing. The tragedy is that it may take more atrocities and much more loss of life before that understanding begins to dawn.
