Changing the world for the better has never been easy. There are numerous obstacles that need to be overcome before any kind of meaningful change can take place. These obstacles include resistance, inertia, and self-interest, along with further complications associated with leadership, strategy and organisation. It has also become clear, moreover, that even landmark campaigns routinely fall short of their ultimate goals, and therefore routinely end up with partial or qualified gains. Even high profile causes that have been widely celebrated as successful milestones, such as long-term challenges to legal slave systems or European colonial rule, have nonetheless been questioned in relation to both the racial afterlives of enslavement and the continuing legacies of empire.
Efforts to change the world are often described and analysed in terms of ‘repertoires of contention’, which is a concept developed by Charles Tilly. Whenever people seek to change the world they draw upon established tactics, strategies and performances – a repertoire – in order to advance political demands. Examples of repertoires of contention include boycotts, petitions, court challenges, meetings, strikes, occupations, marches, blockades, riots and rebellions. As these examples help to illustrate, repertoires of contention are frequently geared towards disruption, with the primary goal being to prevent or undermine the smooth and regular operations of the established political, economic and social order. These disruptions are frequently unpopular, and they can sometimes provoke violent reactions, but they nonetheless challenge business as usual.
Many of the most popular ‘solutions’ for combating modern slavery do not challenge business as usual. This includes corporate social responsibility, ethical consumption, technological innovation, and raising awareness. In an inversion of Tilly, they instead comprise repertoires of non-contention, since they are undemanding and politically non-threatening. If you search the internet for ‘things I can do to end slavery/trafficking’ you will quickly end up with many numerical lists of actions you can take. While not all lists are the same, they nonetheless tend to share some common features, with the most recommended ‘actions’ including 1) praying, 2) learning more, 3) informing friends and colleagues, 4) consuming ethically, 5) reporting suspicious cases, 6) writing to public officials, and 7) donating. None of these actions are especially disruptive or demanding. There is a fundamental mismatch between underlying system and popular ‘solution’.
