Darryl Glenn, Republican candidate for U.S. Senate from Colorado addressing Republican National Convention in Cleveland, July 18, 2016. Scott Applewhite / Press Association. All rights reserved.

So many of the warnings and insights, historic parallels and cautions in Jim Sleeper’s March essay in Salon and AlterNet on what Trump's rise portends for America, even if he loses, are vindicated by this week’s Republican Party convention in Cleveland that openDemocracy has invited him to update it to take account of what's unfolding now, at this critical turning point for the United States. (Just under 7,000 words).

As Darryl Glenn, a Republican candidate for the US Senate from Colorado, fired up the Republican National Convention against Hillary Clinton this week by saying, “We know she enjoys her pantsuits, but we should send her an email telling her what she deserves is a bright orange jumpsuit,” I pictured the beheadings of western foreign-aid workers in orange jumpsuits, as Glenn surely meant us to do, and I wondered why this black herald of a new Republican Party didn’t say that Barack Obama deserves to be lynched.

Glenn’s audience went wild at his jumpsuit suggestion, leaping and shouting in an unintended demonstration that our national crisis isn’t really about Trump; it’s about what’s happening to the American people. What’s happening to us is what’s being done to us, and Trump, the outsider-insider, is exposing it more vividly than Clinton has done.

Because he’s a compulsive marketer, not a producer or a leader, he can’t truly assess the crisis or offer solutions more substantive than empty slogans. But, like a flare, he lights up, at least momentarily, what others have kept dark. For example, as he swept four Republican state primaries on March 17, he did what presidential candidates seldom do: he named huge corporations — Apple, Pfizer and other wardens of this country’s ever-stronger Silicon Valley and Big Pharma cages — as ripe for discipline by government, thereby exposing the hypocrisies of both political parties’ establishments, without showing how he’d curb conglomerates’ cartel-like consolidations, tax evasions and inversions, and degradations of employees’ prospects.

Bernie Sanders assailed Verizon in his final debate with Clinton, who maintained a purse-lipped silence on that company’s worker-busting CEO, who is among her donors. What Trump and hangers-on like Darryl Glenn do more effectively than Sanders did is stoke fear and rage, not hope, in the betrayed and bereft. And they target that rage against Democrats who are just as complicit as Republicans in financializing and corporatizing a political system that has become illegitimate, unsustainable, and delusional. What Trump and hangers-on like Darryl Glenn do more effectively than Sanders did is stoke fear and rage, not hope, in the betrayed and bereft.

Trump doesn’t dispel delusions; he shuffles them like flashcards, holding them up to the light for an instant before changing the subject, but doing just that has shaken up and discredited some almost-comically rigid conservative Republican doctrines. As recently as eight months ago, the party’s primary debates seemed little more than a repeat performance of the opera bouffe of 2012, whose cacophonous chorus line of presidential hopefuls resembled a large troupe of clowns piling out of a tiny car in the circus and mounting the stage where Newt Gingrich proposed that Americans colonize the moon and Ron Paul retorted that the only justification for such a venture would be “to send all the politicians up there.”

Most candidates in 2012 really did seem to have come from the moon as they prattled on about putting people’s money back in their pockets and rewarding their heroism in Iraq, even as many in the audience faced declining incomes, home foreclosures, the war’s lies and wounds, and the attendant perversities that are erupting daily into American civic and social life. Yet millions of citizens, not to mention hundreds of journalists, took the prattle seriously, as if it might explain what has befallen us.

This year, however Trump turned the Republican clown show into a freak in his zeal to stage the horror show against Clinton that the Republican Convention is becoming. The party’s hollowed-out hacks, from Paul Ryan and Mitch McConnell to Bob Dole, have sunk to projecting unity against other Americans whom they’re outfitting in jumpsuits. The campaign we’re about to endure was anticipated acutely last spring by Nathan J. Robinson, editor of the new Current Affairs magazine and a Harvard doctoral student who’s also a brilliant mimic. He imagined his way into Trump’s mind and mouth with a caricature of what Trump may well say when he debates Clinton:

“She lies so much. Everything she says is a lie. I’ve never seen someone who lies so much in my life. Let me tell you three lies she’s told. She made up a story about how she was ducking sniper fire! There was no sniper fire. She made it up! How do you forget a thing like that? She said she was named after Sir Edmund Hillary, the guy who climbed Mount Everest. He hadn’t even climbed it when she was born! Total lie! She lied about the emails, of course, as we all know, and is probably going to be indicted. You know she said there were weapons of mass destruction in Iraq! It was a lie! Thousands of American soldiers are dead because of her. Not only does she lie, her lies kill people. That’s four lies, I said I’d give you three. You can’t even count them. You want to go on PolitiFact, see how many lies she has? It takes you an hour to read them all! In fact, they ask her, she doesn’t even say she hasn’t lied. They asked her straight up, she says she usually tries to tell the truth! Ooooh, she tries! Come on! This is a person, every single word out of her mouth is a lie. Nobody trusts her. Check the polls, nobody trusts her. Yuuge liar.”

Never mind that “When PolitiFact was choosing its “lie of the year,” it found that that all its real contenders were Trump statements — so it collected his many campaign misstatements and gave them all the ‘lie of the year’ award,” as Nicholas Kristof noted. The cumulative effect of Trump’s torrent of accusations is The Big Lie technique, perfected in modern times by Joseph Goebbels, adapted in America by Joseph McCarthy. Hundreds of journalists took the prattle seriously, as if it might explain what has befallen us.

Heated comparisons of Trump to Hitler do have a measure of validity; Trump isn’t as possessed and maniacal as der Fuhrer, but he opens long-festering wounds and stirs swift, dark undercurrents that all the other presidential candidates except Sanders have danced around without really touching.

While Sanders played to democratic strengths and hopes, Trump has played mindlessly and malevolently to fear and rage, stoking what is known as ressentiment, in ways I want to describe. “I could stand in the middle of Fifth Avenue and shoot someone and my supporters wouldn’t leave me,” he has said, and his Hitler-like boasts and insults have shot new holes in the liberal democratic fabric of dialogue and trust. His way of talking separates words from deeds more brazenly than most folkloric American political snake-oil salesmen and sleazy senators ever did, leaving the words more empty, the deeds more brutal, and those of us who try to put words on things more breathless than ever before.

He has also played cunningly on many people’s craving to be flattered and deluded into imagining themselves free when they’re being enslaved. In this, he’s somewhat closer to the wily Augustus, Rome’s first emperor and unctuous grave-digger of its republic, than he is to Hitler. Augustus’ wily transformation of republican citizens into subjects is recounted in Edward Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, which the American republic’s founders were reading as it was coming off the presses in the 1770s.

The founders were taking a hard look at their fellow Americans and were becoming obsessed with how a republic ends. Gibbon, a deft a polemicist as well as an historian, showed them that many people will surrender its freedom not only to a violent coup but also to a charismatic leader’s smile and friendly swagger if they’ve become tired of the burdens of self-government and can be jollied into servitude – or scared into it, once it has become soft enough.

This week, Trump’s crafty, Augustan pretensions will be on stage, too. Gibbon noted that Augustus “wished to deceive the people by an image of civil liberty,” knowing as he did that “the senate and people would submit to slavery, provided they were respectfully assured that they still enjoyed their ancient freedom.”

Augustus guessed rightly because “the provinces, long oppressed by the ministers of the republic, sighed for the government of a single person, who would be the master, not the accomplice, of those petty tyrants. The people of Rome, viewing, with a secret pleasure the humiliation of the aristocracy, demanded only bread and public shows; and were supplied with both by the liberal hand of Augustus.”

Since the primaries, Trump has provided those spectacles of humiliation in abundance. But let’s try to catch our breaths and look carefully at what he has already done to public discourse and at how he has exposed the vacuum that already replaced what Americans once considered trustworthy political, cultural and, civic-minded business leadership. Then let’s examine how American leaders’ defaults have hurt voters whose confidence they’ve relied on, stimulating instead a self-perpetuating syndrome of resentment that’s as toxic as racism or McCarthyism and that is becoming more diffuse and free-floating.

We are passing a tipping point: the new American ressentiment that’s on display in Cleveland, as it has been in the streets all over this country, unlikely to be repaired or put into remission, much less reversed, even if Trump’s campaign implodes. So let’s keep focused on what his rise has exposed not only about him but about the broad swath of the American people who are responding so virulently to him.

The derangement of democratic discourse

Law enforcement stands watch near large poster of Donald Trump at Public Square on July 19, 2016, in Cleveland, second day of the Republican convention. Patrick Semansky / Press Association. All rights reserved.Trump’s behavior has highlighted the difference between what children say and do on playgrounds, where they rough out rules for civility and cooperation, and what grown-ups are supposed to have learned and become committed to do to make a society work. The difference between Trump’s kind of free speech and the kind that actually enhances freedom isn’t a legal one but a psychological and cultural one: adults understand that what the Constitution rightly protects legally, civil society rightly modulates and anyone who lowers adult public conversation to the level of “So’s your Mom!” is dragging us all down.

Trump’s brand of discourse is even worse than that of the playground. When he said that he could shoot someone without losing public support, he certainly excited the roiling horde of “militia” members, authoritarian police, enthusiasts of “Stand Your Ground” and “Concealed Carry” laws and border walls, mass shooters (who in their derangement are sometimes attuned more acutely to the subliminal signals a society is sending.)

Ranting like his offends not only the decorously well-organized rich but also the more “liberal minded,” because he “cares nothing for reproaches that he is a criminal or a guttersnipe…. Where [he] knifes his opponents is by disarming them with a cynicism and stabbing them with a morality, [H]e twists and turns, flatters and gibes, lulls and murders. ….He raves about ‘the brutal and rude unscrupulousness of the parliamentary panders.’  He calls them job-hunters scoundrels, villains, rascals, criminals. He screams that ‘in comparison with these traitors to the nation, every pimp is a gentleman.’”

Not only that, “he boasts of his tricks: ‘Take me or leave me, my object, the resurrection of the … people, is so much more superb than any contrary principle that to bridle me with morals or sentiment is to lose…”

This plausible elaboration of Trump’s slogan, “Make America Great Again!” could have been written by a discerning observer of his methods, such as George Will or Tom Friedman. But it was written by the writer Francis Hackett, in a forgotten but still-arresting book, “What Mein Kampf Means to America,” which he published in April 1941, when many Americans still excused der Fuhrer’s demagogic vitality, vulgarity and brutality and when many American businessmen thought they could still make deals with him.

It was the German people, of course, not the American, whom Hitler sought to resurrect, and he may have been something of a brute and a clown. But after all, Americans rationalized, Herr Hitler is taking on the scourge of bolshevism and shaking up the corrupt, old European conceits and arrangements that have clung to power even since causing the Great War and the Great Depression. Drawing historical analogies is a dangerous game. But it would be just as dangerous to ignore history’s cautions unless one is bent on repeating its follies.

If Trump himself were a little more grandiloquent, he might justify his own demagoguery by adding that “all great movements are movements of the people, are volcanic eruptions of human passions…, and are not the lemonade-like outpourings of aestheticizing literati and drawing room heroes.” Ah, but those words were written by Hitler himself, in “Mein Kampf,” in 1926. Is that really so surprising? When Trump commingles racist nationalism by promising a wall to keep out Mexican rapists and Muslim terrorists with what sounds almost like socialism by promising a cornucopia of “jobs, jobs, jobs” and full healthcare for Americans, he reminds me that “Nazi” was an acronym for National Socialism.

Drawing historical analogies is a dangerous game. But it would be just as dangerous to ignore history’s cautions unless one is bent on repeating its follies. To understand the difference between Trump’s understanding of freedoms of speech and entrepreneurship and the kind that American civic-republican civil society would nurture if those freedoms weren’t being eviscerated by the marketing riptides he’s riding, contrast Trump’s claim that “he gets things done” while lesser people dither with the following poignant observation about civil society that “SPHealy,” an online commenter, posted beneath something I wrote in 2007.

“Back in the playground days we used to play basketball with whoever was on hand: 2-on-2, 3-on-2, 7-on-6, whatever. And people would rearrange and switch sides as needed to keep things even and fun. We were quite competitive and loved to win, but we were playing against our neighbors and schoolmates who were not necessarily our friends (and might even have been our enemies) but with whom we knew we needed to maintain at least non-destructive relationships for 7 or 8 more years. It takes one to know one, and the other plutocrats loathe him, but they deserve him.

“The problem is that such a system requires that all parties have a fundamental allegiance to getting along, and specifically to handling losses without developing longstanding brutal grudges. If a small group had ever gotten together and made an agreement to subvert the system and behave destructively in a coordinated manner, they could have done a lot of damage before the rest of us figured out what was happening – and then our only alternative would have been to terminate the system. If trust had been destroyed it could not have been replaced. Strong as our Constitutional system is, I don’t think it was ever intended to resist a large-scale, long-term, tightly-organized effort to subvert it from within.”

Many elite conservative efforts have been large-scale, long-term and tightly organized, nowhere more so than in the legislative districting scams described by David Daley in his new book Ratf**ked, which shows why nothing that happens in this year’s election can possibly loosen Republicans’ grip on the House of Representatives for the next decade or two.

But Trump, that loose cannon, has blown open many of the elites’ other decorous, civic-republican covers and agendas, exposing them as the myopic and destructive maneuverings of plutocrats, even when he intends nothing more than to make room for his own plutocratic plans. It takes one to know one, and the other plutocrats loathe him, but they deserve him because they’ve never been able to reconcile their pious claims to uphold virtuous, patriotic, ordered republican liberty with their lust to ride tides of casino-like financing and predatory marketing that are dissolving republican virtues and sovereignty, tides that Trump himself rides as deftly as they do.

Nightmares of the ‘polite’ elites

Donald Trump has enough votes to become nominee of Republican Party for President of the United States. Day 2 of the Republican National Convention, July 19, 2016. J. Scott Applewhite / AP/Press Association. All rights reserved.Stunned by the sheer audacity of hopelessness in his insults and boasts, political and business leaders have finally become alarmed. Fashionable though it was only weeks ago to disparage Trump’s early victories by remarking that no one has ever gone broke underestimating the intelligence of the American people, it’s obvious now that Republican and Democratic elites are going broke by underestimating the angry, embittered intelligence of millions of Americans who’ve voted for Trump so far and the millions more who would do so in a general election.

Whether or not they’ll keep flocking to him, they’re deserting both political parties and the airless ideologies of the think tanks and their journals, whose directors cast the voters as fools and blame one another for his rise: The day after Mitt Romney condemned Trump, the New York Times editorial board, which loathes Trump, condemned Romney, and The Wall Street Journal, which loathes Trump, too, ran a column by former Louisiana Gov. Bobby Jindal charging that he is really a creation of President Obama.

Who are the fools here? Trump is a fraud and a demagogue, but none of these handwringers has faced his or her own side’s complicity in the casino-like financing, omnivorous marketing, and other modulations of greed that have made his demagoguery alluring by pumping distress and heartbreak into American life. Nor has either side grasped history’s cunning well enough to understand the irony that it’s a premiere financier of casinos and an omnivorous self-marketer who is approaching the threshold of the presidency.

Narcissistic and opportunistic though Trump’s political heterodoxy is, it has shredded the credibility of conservatives who fantasize about restoring the capitalism of William McKinley, let alone that of Adam Smith and John Locke, and it has sucked the wind out of the sails of leftists who fantasize that a precariat-proletariat will rise again. Although he was right enough to call Trump a fraud, Romney and his cohort would have to become a lot less fraudulent themselves to discredit him or whoever his successor will be if he implodes.

Trump, of course, is pumping something still worse. He’s no Hamilton or Madison, struggling to devise an order capable of balancing wealth-making with power-wielding and truth-seeking. He’s no Lincoln, envisioning a new birth of freedom, no Teddy Roosevelt birthing a “new nationalism” more ecumenical and progressive than anything Europe ever dreamed of, and no FDR cobbling together a New Deal. The problem is that none of the claimants to any of these legacies seems fit to dive into the abyss Trump has opened and face the demons in it and in himself. Instead, the other candidates have been pirouetting at the edge of the abyss, putting on clown shows and freak shows.

Hence the eruption of public rage against these would-be Good Shepherds and the consultants and scribbling minions who’ve widened the abyss.  Neoliberals thought they could triangulate between right and left and restore order to America along Singaporean, state-capitalist lines with democratic grace notes. But, in Trump’s hands, “Right before our eyes, like something on the screen, the vast social fabric [of the republic] has crumbled…. On its ruins, with the speed of a world’s fair, [he] and his confederates have run up a political front of startling and provocative modernity… [His movement’s] hand has been so much quicker than the democratic eye, and for his violence we have so little precedent.”

Again, this is Hackett in 1941, but American elites have been clearing the ground for Trump’s great encampment, as Romney was doing by calling millions of Americans “takers” in 2012 and “suckers” last week. Takers and suckers some of them may be, but many are also shrewd, angry, bitter, and desperate. Although he was right enough to call Trump a fraud, Romney and his cohort would have to become a lot less fraudulent themselves to discredit him or whoever his successor will be if he implodes.

Trump is an all-too American carrier of a chronic dysfunction that was lathered into our economic and social foundations and that cracked the country open in 1860, when the Whig Party collapsed amid a no-longer deferrable dispute over slavery and states’ rights, and in 1929, when the Republican classical economic and political liberalism that “translates pretty easily into… a sanction for popular impatience with governmental restraints on greed,” as the late historian Edmund Morgan put it, brought the country pretty close to implosion as fascism was rising in Europe.

So, Trump-as-Hitler is really only the match lighting the tinder that many of us have prepared – the Clintons and the Chuck Schumers among us as much as the Bushes and Mitch McConnells, the “lemonade literati” of the prestige magazines as much as the Dinesh D’Souzas and Ann Coulters. We should stop flattering ourselves long enough to understand why so many of our fellow citizens are willing to gamble so pathetically that Trump will deflect the torrentially marketed civic mindlessness and malevolence that’s groping them, goosing them, intimidating them, bamboozling them, indebting them, surveilling them, and, in so doing, imprisoning them.

Trump and the seductions of tyranny

Donald Trump, February, 2016, Manchester,N.H. David Goldman / Press Association. All rights reserved.Reckoning with this hard reality in the conservative National Review’s symposium “Against Trump,” R.R.Reno, editor of the conservative religious magazine First Things, noted that the people Romney dismissed as “’takers’ with no future in the global economy” made him the “failed candidate” that Trump calls him now.

“They suspect, rightly,” that the Chamber of Commerce will sell them down the river if it adds to the bottom line,” Reno adds. “I suppose that that’s the reason for [Trump’s] popularity… The middle class consensus in America has collapsed. This is the most important political and social earthquake since World War II. The conservative movement’s leadership isn’t up to the challenge, and a good number of voters are willing to gamble on Trump’s bluster.”

Reno stops short of acknowledging that the “middle-class consensus” owed a lot to massive public support for homeownership, to vigorous government regulations that supported union organizing and restrained the animal spirits of bankers, brokers, and campaign donors, and to the G.I. Bill and other extensive public funding of universities. From the 1970s on, Democratic and Republican elites have seduced Americans into surrendering those supports bit by bit. Although there were valid reasons (such as global and technological upheavals) to re-work some protections and let go of others, there were far too many corrupt and destructive reasons, too.

The reckoning we’re experiencing, although it’s being distorted by Trump, is about what political and business leaders on both sides of the aisle (and the Atlantic) deserve. At Hilton Head and Davos, they tell one another, sometimes with stagey caveats and sighs, that recent meltdowns prove that most people aren’t capable of self-government and need to be ruled or finessed.

Today’s elites cannot even rule themselves, let alone anyone else. And the armed, racist American goons and drooling fools circling liberal democracy’s proverbial town meetings in our nightmares don’t even nearly represent Trump’s other supporters, many of whom aren’t so different from many of the rest of us. Even the goons and fools weren’t born to do what they’re doing now, nor were they all disposed to do it back on the playground. The quiet little stabs of heartbreak and self-doubt that accumulated in tiny increments in their young lives as parents lost jobs, pensions, homes, mutual respect, and public moral standing have blossomed into open resentment that is seeking the right target.

Their losses had many causes, but one seldom mentioned is that too many of us writers, perhaps including some who are reading this, have ignored or dismissed or disdained Trump’s supporters, compounded their distress with turns of a phrase, clicks of our brokers’ mouses, arching our eyebrows in faint but unforgotten disdain, or simple civic inattention excised with stereotypes, and, occasionally, empty shrugs and solicitous sighs over depictions of Bubba’s distress. Their losses had many causes, but one seldom mentioned is that too many of us writers, perhaps including some who are reading this, have ignored or dismissed or disdained Trump’s supporters.

Last May, in one of the more revelatory columns I’ve seen about what’s happened to the Republican base, Thomas Edsall recalled that “In the fall of 1969, Merle Haggard topped the Billboard country charts for four weeks with “Okie from Muskogee,” the song that quickly became the anthem of red America, even before we called it that.”

“’We don’t smoke marijuana in Muskogee, we don’t take our trips on LSD, we don’t burn our draft cards down on Main Street, we like livin’ right and bein’ free,’ Haggard declared. ‘We don’t make a party out of lovin’, we like holdin’ hands and pitchin’ woo.’”

“Times have changed,” Edsall observed. “Today Muskogee, Oklahoma, a city of 38,863, has nine drug treatment centers and a court specifically devoted to drug offenders. A search for “metamphetamine arrest” on the website of the Muskogee Phoenix, the local newspaper, produces 316 hits.

“In 2013 just under two-thirds of the births in the city of Muskogee, 62.6 percent, were to unwed mothers, including 48.3 percent of the births to white mothers. The teenage birthrate in Oklahoma was 47.3 per 1,000; in Muskogee, it’s 59.2, almost twice the national rate, which is 29.7.”

Almost as if Edsall were anticipating the irony that people being fleeced by casino financing and predatory marketing have wound up lionizing a financer of casinos and a predatory marketer, he noted that “Muskogee County voted decisively for Ronald Reagan in 1984 and for Republican presidential candidates in the last three elections. In 2012, Romney beat Obama 57.4 to 42.6.”

In another, even-more substantial column called “Why Trump Now,” Edsall notes that “the share of the gross national product going to labor as opposed to… capital fell from 68.8 percent in 1970 to 60.7 percent by 2013” and that the number of manufacturing jobs dropped by 36 percent, from 19.3 million in 1979 to 12.3 million in 2015, while the population increased by 43 percent, from 225 million to 321 million.

“In other words, the economic basis for voter anger has been building over forty years,” including the stagnation of net upward mobility after 2000 and China’s entry into the World Trade Organization, which has “imposed far larger costs on American workers than most economists anticipated.”

Then came the financial collapse of 2008, “which many people left and right felt was caused by reckless financial engineering on Wall Street” and which left those who’d not “benefited from the previous boom years” to become “easy pickings for populist rhetoric” because “trust in government was destroyed” by a “widespread sense that all the elites in Washington and New York conspired to bail out the miscreants who caused the disaster and then gave them bonuses, while the rest of us lost our houses or saw their value, the biggest and often only asset of Americans, plummet, lost our jobs or saw them frozen and stagnant, and then saw gaping inequality grow even more.”

In 2010, the Citizens United ruling invited the miscreants to inundate the public decision-making processes and institutions through which citizens are supposed to decide how to license and regulate and channel the very forces that are enslaving us. The excuse for Citizens United was that, as Mitt Romney would put it in 2012, “Corporations are people/ too,” entitled to the same freedoms of speech that citizens enjoy. “If dancing nude and burning the flag are protected by the First Amendment, why would it not protect robust speech about the people who are running for office?’’ asked Theodore Olson, counsel for Citizens United, the corporation that produced the movie to swift-boat Hillary Clinton’s 2008 presidential campaign.

The subtext: Let people rant, as long as we can drown them out with expensive megaphones and words that titillate or intimidate while they get laryngitis from straining to be heard, and while we buy off or intimidate their public officials at election time. “A Bloomberg poll found that 78 percent of voters would like to see Citizens United overturned,” Edsall notes, “and this view held across a range of partisan loyalties: Republicans at 80 percent; Democrats at 83; and independents at 71.”

The volcano rumbles

Donald Trump, greets the crowd, July, 2016, in Cincinnati.John Minchillo / Press Association. All rights reserved. Some of us saw this coming in 2008, even as the Republican National Convention of that year nominated the decent if limited man whom Trump mocked this year for having been captured in Vietnam. On the 2008 convention floor John McCain faced a somewhat unnervingly large contingent of young white men whose repertoire of political expression consisted solely of shouting "Yoo Es Ay! Yoo Es Ay! Yoo Es Ay! " – a chant we’re hearing often again this week.

There was something manic and clueless about it then, as there is even more so now. In 2008 McCain seemed annoyed by it. He knew only too well the perils of flaunting heroism, as George W. Bush had done in his empty flight-deck, “Mission Accomplished” landing of 2004. Politicians overplay that card when they have little else to run on. McCain knew better than to do that, but Fred Thompson, in a recorded voice-over in the convention hall, thundered that "When you've lived in a box, your life is about keeping others from having to live in that box.”

"Yoo Es Ay! Yoo Es Ay! Yoo Es Ay!" the crowd roared.

McCain said that he respects and admires Senator Obama and that "Despite our differences, we are all Americans. That's an association that means more to me than any other."

"Yoo Es Ay! Yoo Es Ay! Yoo Es Ay!" the crowd chanted, though a bit less vigorously than before, as if less sure of what it was cheering.

The uncertainty vanished when a few demonstrators who'd sneaked into the convention hall rose during McCain’s speech and shouted out protests until security guards hustled them out. The disruption was barely audible in the cavernous hall and might have gone virtually unnoticed on TV, as the media kept focusing on the podium, had not “the guys” decided to counter the protesters by chanting, "Yoo Es Ay! You Es Ay! You Es Ay!", interrupting McCain far more obviously than the demonstrators had. It was then that a look of annoyance crossed his face. Where was the leadership on the convention floor? Who were these guys, anyway?

All that misplaced fervor and rage reflected a lot more than young men's hormones and older men's uneasy consciences. These guys’ buffoonish, boorish chanting was only one side of them. They hadn't all curdled into fascists or even racists. A thwarted decency and clueless love in them, a yearning for something slipping away, was struggling to find some political defense against the affronts and distortions their love had suffered.

In 1990, in The Closest of Strangers, I predicted that “the disintegration of white working-class family life, replete with the pathologies of violent essentially homeless youths,… may well overshadow the problems of the black underclass in the popular mind in the years ahead.” Now, 25 years later, encroachments on their freedom and dignity have generated not only family breakdown and drug abuse in places like Muskogee but countless other stresses and humiliations that erupt in road rage, lethal rampages at store openings on sale days; extreme fighting or cage fighting, the gladitorialization of college and professional sports, and escapist, demoralizing entertainments, including reality TV and Trump’s own show The Apprentice, which ran for nine seasons.

Not surprisingly, these profit-driven come-ons are accompanied by exaggerations or fabrications of enemies and scapegoats and with justifications for fighting them in the Iraq War and crusades against subversive monsters in our midst. Soon enough, those monsters include kids from places like Muskogee, eager to slay the dragons with variations of the armed violence I’ve mentioned.

And how much human history and psychology need one know to see that when demoralization and slavery like this are deftly managed, they can become almost as seductive as they are painful? How many Americans now enact subtly internalized humiliations and cravings for vengeance sexually, eroticizing pain instead of challenging its sources? How many Internet ventures are hollowing out children’s sense of themselves as sexual beings and reasoning citizens capable of political deliberation and action?

Under banners of “free speech,” this market-corrupted and soul-corrupting “culture” is inundating us not mainly with artists' art, activists' appeals, or other creative or political offerings but with messages from anonymous announcers and decorators and corporate "sensors" (not censors) that have been designed to bypass our brains and hearts on their way to our lower viscera and wallets.

The more that these relentless, demoralizing pressures reduce sovereign citizens to chasing vapid consumer sovereignty, the more we’re like flies trapped in a spider’s web of those 800-numbered, sticky-fingered pick-pocketing lenders, insurers, pharmaceutical producers, and other swirling whorls of anonymous shareholders whose managers are dissolving our freedoms, not out of malevolence or conspiracy but out of mindless, mandated, greed.

And the more impoverished and imprisoned we become, the more we resort to palliatives in pills, vials, syringes and empty spectacles that leave us too ill to bear our sicknesses or their cures, capable only of occasional, mob-like eruptions and cries for a strongman who boasts that, having already bought the politicians whose deregulatory excesses and corporate welfare payments have stupefied and imprisoned America, he can “fire” them.

Trump’s supporters even imagine that he’s their megaphone against Citizens United’s rich beneficiaries. But if he wins, they’ll have a let-down too wrenching and violent for the American republic to bear. They may end up doubting that the republic deserves to survive at all. Meanwhile, though, these people whom elites dismiss as knuckle-dragging, featherbedding racists are giving a new twist to the old Gospel line, "God gave Noah the rainbow sign, no more water but fire next time".

The volcano erupts

Melania Trump on Day 1 of Republican National Convention in Cleveland. Matt Rourke / Press Association. All rights reserved. “Mr. Trump’s brand of resentment politics,” as New York Times reporters Jonathan Martin and Alexander Burns called it, rides what’s known as ressentiment, (in French it’s pronounced “ruh-sohn-tee-mohn”), a public psychopathology in which gnawing insecurities, envy, and hatreds nursed by many people in private converge in public in scary social eruptions that present themselves as noble crusades but that diminish their participants even in seeming to make them big.

In ressentiment, the little-big man seeks enemies on whom to wreak vengeance for frustrations that are only half-acknowledged because they come from his exploitation by powers he’s afraid to challenge head on. No wonder that the 2012 Republican National Convention roared with such delight as Clint Eastwood interrogated an empty chair symbolizing an invisible President Obama. No one wanted to know what Eastwood would have dared to say to the real Obama or what the President would have said back. No one wanted to know what Eastwood would have dared to say to the real Obama or what the President would have said back.

Ressentiment thus warps the little-big man’s assessments of his hardships and opportunities. The same George W. Bush who Trump supporters once thought they’d enjoy having a beer with perpetrated and enabled massive frauds on them. They can barely admit this, but they’re determined not to let it happen again. Their problem is that they don’t know enough, aren’t independent and well organized enough, and lack sufficient resources to prevent it. Ressentiment perverts their efforts by stoking and misdirecting their frustrations. Whether it erupts in a medieval Inquisition, a Puritan or McCarthyite witch hunt, a Maoist Cultural Revolution, nihilist extremes of “people’s liberation movements” such as the Khmer Rouge, or a strain of political correctness that grips a particular community, ressentiment’s most telling symptoms are always paranoia, scapegoating and bursts of hysteria violence.

That syndrome was described more recently by George Soros in an assessment of “the power of Orwell's Newspeak” and “the aversion of the public to facing harsh realities” in America today:

"On the one hand,” Soros writes, “Newspeak is extremely difficult to contradict because it incorporates and thereby preempts its own contradiction, as when Fox News calls itself fair and balanced. Another trick is to accuse your opponent of the behavior of which you are guilty, like Fox News accusing me of being the puppet master of a media empire. Skillful practitioners always attack the strongest point of their opponent, like the Swiftboat ads attacking John Kerry's Vietnam War record. Facts do not provide any protection, and rejecting an accusation may serve to have it repeated; but ignoring it can be very costly, as John Kerry discovered in the 2004 election.

"On the other hand, the pursuit of truth has lost much of its appeal.” But why? In 1941, Hackett noted that people who are stressed, humiliated, and dispossessed become easy prey for demagogic orchestrations of “the casual fact, the creative imagination, the will to believe, and, out of these three elements, a counterfeit reality to which there was a violent, instinctive response. For it is clear enough that under certain conditions men respond as powerfully to fiction as they do to realities, and that in many cases they help to create the very fictions to which they respond. The fiction is taken for truth because the fiction is badly needed.”

Ressentiment’s gusts of collective passion touch raw nerves under the ministrations of demagogues and an increasingly surreal journalism that prepares the way for them by brutalizing public discourse. In the 1976 movie Network, which depicts the profit-driven derangement of television news reporting, manager Diana Christiansen tells her staff, “I want angry shows” because Americans want “a mad prophet, denouncing the hypocrisies of our time.” A demagogic network anchor rouses his viewers to shout, “I’m mad as hell and I’m not going to take it any more,” even as he herds them like sheep. Ressentiment’s gusts of collective passion touch raw nerves under the ministrations of demagogues and an increasingly surreal journalism that prepares the way for them by brutalizing public discourse.

A year after that movie appeared, Rupert Murdoch bought the liberal tabloid New York Post, imported his savvy Aussie journalism mates as editors, and began mugging and/or titillating the city’s body politic, beginning with a lurid series on the serial murder “Son of Sam.” Now the New York Post is a virtual press office for Trump’s presidential bid, as vulgar and relentless as the candidate himself.

When ressentiment is only beginning to gather strength, it assumes disguises of civility at first, so as not to incur decisive reproach from a public that isn’t yet too weakened to ward off the disease. Soros cites Fox News’ winking assurance that it’s “fair and balanced,” a signal to the little-big man that Together we’ll crush those pious, hypocritical liberal journalists who prattle on about objectivity and fairness.

Drip, drip, drip: story after story teaches viewers and readers to fear and mistrust one another, souring the spirit of trust and curiosity that sustain democratic dialogue into the cynicism and defensiveness that clear the way for the strongman. Ressentiment’s gloves really come off once there are enough angry little-big men (and little-big women, of course) to step out together en masse, with a Sarah Palin or a Glenn Beck. And now Trump is leading little-big man across the Rubicon, signaling that he’ll mow down anyone and anything in his way.

The legitimate grievances fueling ressentiment sometimes drive its eruptions to a fleeting brilliance, as when Palin tapped deeply into currents of thwarted love and hope in her speech to the 2008 convention with. But, like her public persona, such gestures soon curdle and collapse, tragi-comically or catastrophically, into their own cowardice, ignorance, and lies.

Where to? Can Trump play Augustus, not Hitler?

Enter Rome’s first emperor, Augustus Caesar, who, let us remember, was much on the minds of the American republic’s founders. Gibbon wrote that “a slow and secret poison” had entered “the vitals of the empire,” sapping from citizens “that public courage which is nourished by the love of independence, the sense of national honor, the presence of danger, and the habit of command.” In time, “They received laws and governors from the will of their sovereign, and trusted for their defense to a mercenary army.” “History does not more clearly point out any fact than this, that nations which have lapsed from liberty, to a state of slavish subjection, have been brought to this unhappy condition, by gradual paces,” wrote the American founder Richard Henry Lee. Benjamin Franklin voted for the Constitution in 1787, he warned that it “can only end in Despotism as other Forms have done before it, when the People shall have become so corrupted as to need Despotic Government, being incapable of any other.”  Crafting stories that people can love without hating requires the seasoned narrative and political strengths that Madison, Hamilton...  the two presidents Roosevelt, Gandhi, Mandela, King, Havel, and others have had in abundance and that Trump does not. 

Conservatives need to acknowledge that the reverential, or republican, or corporate strains in capitalism described by Adam Smith, John Locke, Edmund Burke, Russell Kirk, Clinton Rossiter, and others have been transformed almost beyond recognition by casino-like financing, omnivorous marketing, and worse. only radically different arrangements can give classically liberal freedom, let alone “free enterprise,” a chance to live another day.

The time for being right only about how the other side is wrong has passed. Trump, the opportunist, seems to see this more clearly than many of his critics on the right and left. No wonder so many people flock to him. But challenging what markets and free enterprise have become and re-crediting democracy instead of crimping it would require a national effort more “yuuuge” and inspiring than anything that Trump would or could lead.

Trump is betting that Americans cannot help but love and believe in his “Make America Great Again” nationalism. He wants us to love him as its savior, even though, in “getting things done,” he’d crush our democratic opportunities. He’s credible only because our current, corrupted regime already crushes so many such initiatives and needs to be shaken to its roots and reconfigured. It will require more than idolizing a deal-maker who already idolizes himself.  

Democratic movements have benefitted from knowing some history, from having some clear principles, and from finding ways to weave enough mutual commitment and trust to stick together against obstacles and allurements that seem insuperable. Crafting stories that people can love without hating requires the seasoned narrative and political strengths that Madison, Hamilton, Jefferson, Washington, Lincoln, the two presidents Roosevelt, Gandhi, Mandela, King, Havel, and others have had in abundance and that Trump does not. Who knows if good citizens and wise leaders can weave a new social fabric now? One of history’s encouraging lessons is that, time and again, they have. We’re about to find out if they can again.

Augustus of Prima Porta, Ist century, Vatian Museum. Wikicommons/ Till Niermann. Some rights reserved.